Number Of Causes Raising This Financial Crisis Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1311 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? It is said by Penman that there is a bubble largely in financial markets during 2005 to 2007(Penman, 2013). The boom in the real-estate market in the United States resulted in the high housing prices, poor lending practices, and more risk taking by banks. After the bubbles bursting, a financial crisis reduced the market value of stocks by 37 per cent in 2008 (Penman). According to the Oxford dictionary of finance and banking, financial crisis is a collapse in the price of financial obligations, which may lead to a collapse in the economy. In this essay, it will explain the macroeconomic and microeconomic causes accounting to the above mentioned crisis; and then show the measures the UK government taking to solve the problem. In conclusion, the assessment of these actions will be made. Reasons There are a number of causes raising this financial crisis, which will be analyzed from macroeconomic and microeconomic aspects, especially the role of the securitizat ion will be highlighted as a trigger to the crisis. Macroeconomic reasons Long period of low real interest rate Referring to Buckley, the roots of the crisis were planted in the decade before 2007. Table 1 in appendices shows the low real interest rates in the USA in the first seven years of the 21st century, which was not only a feature of the US economy, but also a global phenomena due to the co-ordination of governments around the world. This accelerates the increase of housing prices and asset prices (recall the inverse relationship between bond prices and interest rates) in the USA, in the UK and elsewhere. Furthermore, banks made use of these low rates by increasing their debt levels as a proportion of total financing, for the debt was cheap. However, debt interest is decided by dividends, and debt repayment ranks above shareholders capital on liquidation, so there could be another increased risk to shareholders. Global financial imbalance On the one hand, influ enced by the low real interest rates, the West tended to import from capital-poor emerging market countries, for example China; on the other hand, through being a purchaser of bonds, surplus countries were willing to buy deficits countries securities, such as the US dollar government securities, instead of exchanging for their own currency. It means that deficits countries were able to get their fund to balance their deficits more cheaply. Therefore, the American and European governments were immersed in the booming economics, which also hastened the deregulation of their banking system. Microeconomic factors Consumer Inertia It is convinced by the financial institutions that the customers deposits or transactions were safe. Take securitization for example. During the process of securitization, there are several means being used to ensure consumers inertia. Firstly, the special purpose vehicle (SPV) made a true sale, which aims to guarantee the separation of the cash flow. Secondly, credit-rating agencies and insurance companies played crucial roles in keeping consumers confidence. High levels of corporate leverage To attract their shareholders, through enlarging the ratio of assets to equity, the managers of financial firms tried to increase return on equity (ROE), which is the net income generated for shareholders and equals the return on assets (ROA) (Introduction). It is noted that this measure not only creates more profits, but also raises more risk. Take Lehman Brothers for example. Assume its capital fund was 1000 billion, and the usual leverage ratio was 3 to 1, so it can finance 3000 billion (1000 billion * 3); while now it raise the ratio to 6 to 1, without changing other assumption, Lehman Brothers is able to double its financing amount (6000 billion). In fact, according to causes, it is reported that a post-war figure for banks debt to equity ratios of 10 to 1 moved nearer to 25 to 1, with some institutions having ratios of more than 33 to 1. So banks were taking on burgeoning debt, since too much equals too much financial risk. Compensation schemes and volumetric targeting Due to the boosted firms, managers at banks and other financial firms were further encouraged to take on greater short-run risks. Firstly, wage packages were linked to ROE and/or stock price regardless of the long-term risk. Secondly, more deregulation happened in aspect of asset management, despite it was known that there were bubbles, which like led to a collapse. Skewed incentives of the rating agencies There were two products eager to be highly rated, on is collate debt obligations (CDOs); the other is asset-backed commercial paper (ABCP). CDOs was viewed as resecuritized securities, because it mixed of different tranches of mortgage backed securities (MBS) and asset-backed securities (ABS). It seemed that the creation of CDOs or the further securitization of already securitized assets (ABS and MBS) brought more unpredicted risks to the market. As to ABCP, it was explained that it typically used short-term debt to finance a pool of credit assets, such as trade receivables. From this basic point, many banks (particularly in the US) dealt with long-term paper by issuing short-term ABSP, rather paying attention to the capital requirements. Limitations of risk measurement, management and regulation During the process of securitization, the whole financial system was involved in the great risk in order to gain more profits. In the meantime, some new legal structures and products were created, but they were difficult to measure risk hidden behind them accurately. UK governments responses After the financial crisis, the UK government recapitalized its banks rather than implementing the troubled asset relief program (TAFP) like the USA. Furthermore, it did its best to apply quantitative easing policy to keep the normal financial flow and prevent deflation or even national economic collapse. Referr ing to causes, in the UK, the interest rates were cut from 5 percent to 1/2 per cent between October 2008 and March 2009 by the Bank of England, but it needed time to work through the economy; whilst by open market operations, the central bank offered cash to buy government debt and other debt held by banks and financial institutions, aiming at increase the banks capacity to lend. In the UK, it was GBP 200 billion, which is about 13 per cent of GDP (1.5 trillion). Moreover, the four largest banks in the UK Barclays, HSBC, Lloyds and RBS requested their shareholders to boost their equity capital. It is reported that 43 per cent of the equity in Lloyds, after its rescue takeover of HBOS, and 84 per cent in RBS owned by the British government would be sold to the public in due course. Then as a further important problem, the banks would use this new equity capital to reduce their liabilities, rather than lending them to retail and wholesale customers, although the UK government encou raged them to lend. In order to promote the transaction, the UK government reduced the Value Added Tax from 17 per cent to 15 per cent for 13 months from December 2008 until the end of 2009, though the result was not significant. Conclusions Since the start of the financial crisis, the global financial markets are suffering, although there is a recovery in the global market in recent years. This financial crisis was caused by several factors, which can be viewed in both macroeconomic and microeconomic aspects. From the basic point, it could be summarized that due to the Long period of low real interest rate and global financial imbalance, the financial institutions violated regulations to chase profits regardless of risks. Facing the difficult problem, the UK government gave a response to protect and adapt its national economic environment. However, the lessons the financial crisis gives to us need to draw attention. Firstly, regulation and supervision in global financial syst em should be addressed. On the one hand, all the large financial institutions need to create and use financial derivatives properly; on the other hand, the coordination of mechanisms for international bank regulation and supervision ought to be improved. Secondly, the financial institutions are slavishly on probability distributions. It can be seen that they judged the securities only by the short-term returns and ignoring long-term risks. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Number Of Causes Raising This Financial Crisis Finance Essay" essay for you Create order

Sophocles Antigone - The Tragic Hero - 1306 Words

The Tragic Hero in Antigone Being a human incorporates drama. It is part of living in society, and often inevitable. In theatre, successful drama plays use timeless issues that can still be found present in most civilization. Amongst the seven Sophocles’ plays that managed to survive 25 centuries in complete form, lies one of the most famous tragedies in human-history, Antigone. The main controversial conflict in this historically-influential play is the importance of divine law versus man-made state laws. These are presented through the characters Antigone and Creon, respectively. According to Aristotle, a tragedy is defined as: â€Å"A hero destroyed by the excess of his virtues†. The dictionary definition of the word hero is â€Å"a person noted†¦show more content†¦The sentry was just doing his job of telling the king about what had happened, but Creon’s way of dealing with it is by threatening his life, generating fear in the people around him. Sub sequently, the most relevant example takes place in Scene two, when he sentences Antigone to death: ANTIGONE. Creon, what more do you want than my death? CREON. Nothing. That gives me everything. (2.106-108). Creon takes these measures to make sure that no one dares to break his rules. He could’ve forgiven Antigone, considering that she is his son’s bride and has a valid reason for her actions, but decides not to. He doesn’t forgive her just to show the people that he is to be taken seriously and to show his power through fear. â€Å"If I permit my own family to rebel / How shall I earn the world’s obedience?†(3.32-33). At this point in scene three, Creon explains to his son that he will not change his mind because it will make him look weak to the people. Creon’s fear-inducing method establishes a barrier between him and his advisors that makes it hard for them to give feedback. This helps assembling his tragic flaw, and eventually his downfall. Creon’s heedlessness plays a big part in the inflexibility of his authoritharian decision-making. After deciding to kill Antigone, he gets plenty of advice against, but decides to ignore it. Being king of Thebes, CreonShow MoreRelatedThe Tragic Hero Of Sophocles Antigone1835 Words   |  8 Pagesbecome a hero until he can see the root of his own downfall.† Aristotle believed that a tragic hero was one who was noble by nature yet endowed with a tragic flaw or hamartia. This hero is oftentimes more dignified than us average people, but his/her* personality and character traits make their stories relatable. Over the course of his life, different virtues are revealed, but they eventually exhibit an imperfection which leads to his inevitable downfall. In Sophocles s tragic play of Antigone, Oedipus’sRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Antigone By Sophocles1075 Words   |  5 PagesGreek philosopher Aristotle, â€Å"A man cannot become a hero until he can see the root of hi s own downfall.† Thus, according to Aristotle, the tragic hero must be able to discern how his actions caused his demise. The tragic hero has a tragic flaw, known as hamartia, recognizes that this flaw contributes to his misfortune because of an error in judgment, but is nonetheless deserving of sympathy. Creon, the hero of the drama Antigone by Sophocles, fulfills this definition. He exhibits hubris, hisRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Sophocles Antigone876 Words   |  4 Pagesunlike figures found in mythology with such tales as Sophocles’ Antigone.They do what they believe is beneficial or right despite the adversity they will meet. Sometimes their fight results in their death. This is true not only of Antigone, but also of Abraham Lincoln. While Abraham Lincoln may not be considered a tragic hero he is similar to Antigone because both were fulfilling a divine order. Antigone is the title character of Sophocles’ Antigone. She is the daughter of Oedipus, who coupled withRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Sophocles Antigone1056 Words   |  5 Pagesthe title of tragic hero in the play Antigone Author by Sophocles. I would like to start off by saying that it will be very challenging for me to have the passion that I usually have. But I will still stand in front of you. As I said before I am here to argue the title of tragic hero in the play Antigone. I could see that some of you are confused by the word tragic hero. No need to concern for I will tell you. The great Aristotle was one of the earliest men who defined a tragic hero. His descriptionRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Sophocles Antigone1805 Words   |  8 PagesOne of the authors at the forefront of Greek tragedies was Sophocles. One of Sophocles most famous pieces of work is, Antigone. Written in 440 B.C in Athens, Greece, Sophocles uses this play to dramatize a series of events that unfold s when pride becomes more important than loyalty to family. Controversy still remains today of whom the tragic hero of Antigone is, but some scholars believe that Antigone herself is the tragic hero. Antigone goes past conventional expectations to stand up for her brotherRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Sophocles Antigone1521 Words   |  7 PagesAn Aristotelian tragic hero is a literary character who makes a judgment that ultimately leads to his or her own destruction. An example of a true Aristotelian tragic hero is Creon from Sophocles’ play, Antigone. Creon is the tragic hero because he goes through the five stages of a tragic hero which leads to his destruction. His tragic flaw is him being afraid to admit that he has made a mistake. He is too proud of his power and his ability to make laws which leads to his son and wife committingRead MoreThe Real Tragic Hero Of Sophocles Antigone3370 Words   |  14 PagesCarlberg English 102 9 December 2014 The Real Tragic Hero in the Play Antigone A tragic hero according to Aristotle is someone who is of high nobility, and has a major internal character flaw. That flaw will eventually by the characters ultimate demise which is most likely death. If their demise doesn’t end in a death the tragic hero usually goes through a catharsis. The most common flaws of a tragic hero are hubris, pride, and stubbornness. Tragic heroes can be found throughout most tragedy themedRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Sophocles Antigone Essay1357 Words   |  6 Pagesdraws on the emotions of the audience is to get them to relate to the tragic hero, and that is why it was so important for a tragedy to have a proper one. Antigone features the perfect example of a hero in a tragedy. In Antigone, King Creon is the tragic hero since he is adherent to a moral mean, he is life-like, he exhibits a tragic quality which results in a plot reversal, and ends in a moment of lament. Creon is the ideal tragic hero, since he’s morally upstanding but not blameless at the same timeRead MoreEssay on Creon as the Tragic Hero of Sophocles Antigone997 Words   |  4 PagesCreon as the Tragic Hero of Sophocles Antigone   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Who is the true tragic hero in Sophocles Antigone?   This question has been the subject of a great debate for numerous years.   Equal arguments exist that portray Antigone as the tragic heroine in the play and Creon as the tragic hero.   Aristotle, in his study of Greek drama entitled Poetics, provided the framework that determines the tragic hero of a work.   Though Antigone definitely possesses the characteristics and qualities thatRead More Creon is the Tragic Hero in Sophocles Antigone Essay627 Words   |  3 Pages Creon is the Tragic Hero of Antigone nbsp; When the title of a play is a characters name, it is normally assumed that the character is the protagonist of the play. In Sophocles Antigone, most people probably believe Antigone to be the tragic heroine, even after they have finished watching the play. It may be argued, however, that Creon, not Antigone, is the tragic character. When we examine the nature and concept of the Greek Tragedy and what it means to be a tragic character, it becomes

Explore the ways in which Faulks uses nature within the novel Free Essays

Alternatively, he might inferring that; the world is in peace when nature is allowed to flourish and It’s in disharmony during war, where birds are chased away by the treating sounds Of guns and the hostile weather conditions which makes the birds stop singing, this creates an unnatural environment. The way Faults uses nature during the soldiers’ time in the front is a complete paradox to the way he uses nature during Stephens visit at the English countryside when he’s on leave. During Stephens time in England, Faults uses nature in an optimistic manner to convey a sense of exemption and alleviation. We will write a custom essay sample on Explore the ways in which Faulks uses nature within the novel or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is evident in the nine ‘the air had a feeling of purity as though it had never been breathed’. The air was ‘pure’ because this is an environment where conflict is not as sever and atrocious; where nature was not being constantly disturbed by the petrifying sounds of guns and being intoxicated by gas. Unlike in France where there was not enough oxygen’ provided by nature for the soldiers to survive . The lack of oxygen shows how much man has damaged the environment and the restricting of oxygen to man shows that nature has given up on them ; this enforces that the arrival of the soldier’s death is near. It’s almost like the soldiers are betraying nature by damaging it while it’s playing a motherly role to them. Faults is trying to convey the idea life is futile without nature and humans bring annihilation within themselves. Faults uses nature in the line ‘overhanging trees’ to create a graphic imagery of dead bodies overlapping each other. This adds emphasis on the multitude of lives that were lost during the World War one, too many men died that their bodies became part of the landscape, they became part of nature. The powerful adjective ‘overhanging’ mimics the soldiers’ feelings as depressed ND melancholic due to the strain and tediousness as they had to strive under horrific conditions. On the other hand, the reader creates an unusual imagery of trees ‘overhanging’ each other, which is unnatural. This represents a dyspepsia environment which shows that war changed nature. Faults wants the reader to understand the untold horrors of war, which creates a subtle anti war message throughout the novel. Alternatively, the adjective ‘overhanging’, might infer that the trees were growing rapidly in the soldiers’ favor to provide oxygen in order for them to survive. This shows that nature as on their side, although they were the ones damaging it. Here the reader begins to despite and oppose war as they start to notice the selfishness in humanity. Nature was being destroyed and a multitude number of innocent people were dying just because the government was eager to gain power. They had the power to stop this catastrophe but because they didn’t want to embarrass or ‘show weakness’ by surrendering . They had the decency to carry on despite how the conflict was destroying the earth. Similarly, the idea of nature keeping the soldiers alive is conveyed in Siegfried Caisson’s poem France’ when he describes the forest as ‘radiant forest’. The powerful adjective ‘radiant’, might infer that the forest gave the soldiers energy and provided them with heat in order to keep them warm while they were fighting; this reinforces a motherly nature as the ‘radiant forest’ comforted them even though they were near death. Here Swanson uses nature in an optimistic manner to decrease the cruelty of war by not creating a sinister atmosphere. Faults makes the reader understand the brutality of war by using powerful adjectives to create a ghastly imagery. This is evident in the nine ‘Shattered flesh that lay in sinking stinking shell holes in beet crop soil’ The powerful phrase ‘shattered’, emphasis on the brutality of war and the multitude of violence. It creates a powerful image of mutilated body parts and rotting and decaying dead bodies decomposing in the soil. The adjective ‘stinking’ emphasis on the foul smell of the dead bodies which damaged the nature by polluting the air. Faults uses graphic violent imagery to demonstrate the horrors of war. Additionally, the fact that the dead bodies are sinking the soil conveys the idea that the soldiers die but nature remains tagging or it gets damaged but it grows back again, but once a human being is dead they can never be brought back to life. As the reader is reading these they start understanding the impacts war had on nature which makes them unaffected by the euphoria of war. Nature is used positively , in the line ‘a lark was singing in the unharmed air above him’ According to Biblical references , a ‘lark’ is a symbol of hope, happiness and good fortune; which might mean that during the battle God was on the soldiers’ side, their faith never betrayed them. The soldiers were just a sacrifice to God in order for everyone to have redeem. This is supported by the powerful phrase ‘unharmed air above him’. How to cite Explore the ways in which Faulks uses nature within the novel, Papers

Business Entrepreneur Success of Business

Question: Discuss about the Business Entrepreneur for Success of Business. Answer: Introduction This study has developed based on the concept of business entrepreneur. In this purpose, this study has been considered the Richard Goyder, the entrepreneur of Wesfarmers conglomerate company of Australia. In order to understand the concept of the study, the history, development and the growth of the entrepreneur has been discussed. In addition, this study is helpful to identify the role and the socio cultural background for the development of the entrepreneur. The competitive advantage of the definite mentioned company compared to the other entrepreneurs within the car manufacturing industry has also been discussed (Ayala and Manzano 2014). On the other hand, this essay is assumed to be beneficial as this study has tried to recommend the Wesfarmers manufacturing company to start different type of business in the future. In this purpose, the opportunity of the entreprenuer has also mentioned. Discussion of the history, development and the growth of the entrepreneur According to Boyett (2013), Richard Goyder, who is the entrepreneur of Wesfarmers always aimed to the business growth. As per Richards words, the work of the Australian Business Council has completed the implemented business policies within the industry. As a result, this reflects its business. Wesfarmers is a multinational company and specialised in the manufacturing of the chemicals and the fertilisers. In addition, Wesfarmers is also famous for the coal mining. The head quarter of this organisation is in Perth, Western Australia. It was founded in the year of 1914 as a cooperative organisation. After that, the company aimed to the service provision as well as the merchandise western Australian rural group. In the words of Casson and Casson (2013), after getting the achievement of becoming of the public sector organisation, Wesfarmers focused to the start their new business in the different sectors. In this context, the company has started the business of coal mining. In order to discuss the growth and development of the company, it is necessary to evaluate the revenue, sales value, net profitability statement of the company. From the financial statement of the company, it can be observed that the amount of total asset has been increasing over time (Jayawarna, Rouse and Kitching 2013). Therefore, from this outcome, it can be stated that the economic valuation of the company has also been rising. As a result, the company has obtained higher rate of total assets and the value is 23.75% in the year of 2016, whereas this value of total asset was 22.51% in 2015. On the other hand, total revenue of the company has also been increased from the year of 2015 to the year of 2016. The revenue was AS$ 62,102 in 2015 whereas the value is AS$ 65,512 in 2016 (Financials.morningstar.com. 2016). The operating expenses have also increased from the year of 2015 to 2016. Therefore, it can be stated that Wesfarmers is at a good financial position and the company is de veloping with the increase of time. Koester (2016) mentioned that the profitability statement of this company has also increased in 2016 from the previous year and the amount was increased by AS$ 1030. Moreover, from the review of the annual report, it can be also observed that Goyder performed the responsibility for the retail business by 83 percent fall in profitability statement. Moreover, from the group of the business of Coles, Kmart and Target, Goyder has earned AS$ 407 million profitability. Therefore, Goyder added that with the reduction of the profitability statement of the business, the salary of the shareholders also reflected. As a result, it is necessary to earn higher profitability from the business in order to make the shareholders happy. Discussion of the role of family and the socio cultural background in the development of the entrepreneurial passion In order to discuss the role of family in case of the development of the Richard Goyders entrepreneurial passion, he mentioned that his great grandfather and his great uncle influenced him. Moreover, these family members helped Richard Goyder to think that his farm is a type of investment. From the view of his family members, Richard Goyder predicted that this investment would make a decent return against the capital growth over time. According to McGowan et al. (2012), in order to discuss the socio cultural environment of the entrepreneur, it is necessary to discuss the companys background. Wesfarmers has the faith on sustainable advantage. In this regard, Wesfarmers always tried to focus to the performance improvement of the workers. Therefore, the socio cultural background of the company is developed upon the four core valuations such as integrity, openness, accountability and the boldness. As per the law of principles, Wesfarmers deals ethically with their clients and with the suppliers. The principle of openness is based upon the organisations honesty. The management of the company always tried to aim to the feedback and the ideas (Wesfarmers.com.au. (2016). The further feedback is helpful to rectify the difficulties and the shortcomings of the business. After the identification, Wesfarmers recognises the mistakes of the workers and helps them to rectify their faults in order to flourish their skills in further. This is helpful to develop the business. As it can be observed previously that, the financial performance of this company is quite appreciable. St-Jean and Audet (2012) opined that the accountability valuation is helpful in case of decision-making procedure. In addition, the performance of the authority of Wesfarmers is seemed to be delegated. On the other hand, the management of the organisation can protect the as well as can enhance the reputation. Furthermore, the boldness valuation is beneficial in case of making of strong as well as the bold decisions. In addition, Wesfarmers can challenge the status for the sake of growth and development of the company. Moreover, Sajjad, Shafi and Dad (2012) opined that Wesfarmers support and also encourage the working environment in order to make the socio cultural business atmosphere free of fear. As per the statement of Parker and Van Praag (2012), Wesfarmers can identify and then develop the talent in terms of investment. As a result, the management also expects a probable return for the company as well as for the employees. On the other hand, in order to discuss the role of the family, the organisation is concerned for the improvement of skills and efficiencies of the workers. This communication and the relationship skill is needed to influence the workers to deliver optimum quality of outcomes (Sajjad, Shafi and Dad 2012). Discussion the type of the developed business and the competitive advantage of the business compared to other entrepreneurs In order to analyse the competitive advantage of Richard Goyder, it is necessary to identify and understand the competitive advantage of the company. This will positively describe the entrepreneurs advantage. Mitchelmore and Rowley (2013) mentioned that Wesfarmers purchased the Coles group retail business to make a greater success in the Australian corporation history. Coles business includes the Coles online, Vintage cellars, Coles supermarkets etc. The Bunning of warehouse, which is retailer for the improvement of home, servicing of the home, office products etc are the products (Parker and Van Praag 2012). On the other hand, in order to discuss the competitive advantage of Wesfarmers, it can be mentioned that this organisation has the source of the sustainability, which is absent in case of the business of the competitors. More specifically, it can be stated that Wesfarmers recruits the quality of the workers in the organisation. Ayala and Manzano (2014) cited that sustainable competitive advantage is necessary for a company to flourish the business in the global market. In a synopsis, it can be stated that sustainable competitive advantage is seemed to the assets of the organisation or the capabilities, which are difficult and provide an optimum long-term position compared to the competitors (Wesfarmers.com.au. 2016). Discuss the future suggestions for the entrepreneur including different types of business For the further development, Richard Goyder can start another business such as manufacturing of healthy products. In order to the discussion of future recommendation, it can be suggested that with the increase of time, the citizens of Australia are seeking for the healthy products. On the other hand, as Wesfarmers is a renowned organisation and manufacture quality of products, therefore, it can be predicted that the production of the healthy products by this company will also maintain the quality (St-Jean and Audet 2012). As a result, Richard Goyder requires to develop the business objectives. Without the ideal business objective, the business will not be successful. After that, the management can recruit highly skilful and efficient employees, who are eligible for the production. During the making of objective of the business, it is necessary to remember that consumers are willing to purchase the quality of products in turn of affordable prices as mentioned by Parker and Van Praag (2012). Moreover, in this case, as the production of the healthy products is considered for the manufacturing, therefore, the company needs to focus on hygiene. Moreover, it can be observed that as most of the citizens are concerned about their health, they do not want to take additional calorie. In order to discuss the background of healthy food manufacturing industry in Australia, it can be observed that the industry has been developing with the increasing of time. In this connection, it can be observed that if Richard has planned to start his business also in the production of healthy food, then it can be predicted that he can earn higher profit and also can make the business successful (Wesfarmers.com.au. 2016). Conclusion This overall study is helpful to understand the behaviour of the entrepreneur, Richrard Goyder in his business. In this regard, to understand his development strategy, the background of the mentioned company has been discussed. In addition, the financial position of the company has also been mentioned along with his development strategy within the industry, which is helpful to estimate the financial performance of Richard. After the evaluation, it can be observed that the company has been developing with the increasing of time. In addition, the socio cultural business environment of Wesfarmers has been discussed to understand the influential factors of his development. It depends upon the four major core valuations and the footsteps of his great grandfather and great uncle, which have been mentioned in this study. Lastly, this study has tried to demonstrate and recommend the different types of business for the mentioned organisation, from which Wesfarmers can also be successful. References Ayala, J.C. and Manzano, G., 2014. The resilience of the entrepreneur. Influence on the success of the business. A longitudinal analysis.Journal of Economic Psychology,42, pp.126-135. Boyett, I., 2013. The public sector entrepreneurà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ a definition.International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior Research. Casson, M. and Casson, C., 2013.The entrepreneur in history: From medieval merchant to modern business leader. Springer. Financials.morningstar.com. (2016).Income Statement for Wesfarmers Ltd ADR (WFAFY) from Morningstar.com. Available at: https://financials.morningstar.com/income-statement/is.html?t=WFAFYregion=usaculture=en-US [Accessed on 6 Sep. 2016]. Jayawarna, D., Rouse, J. and Kitching, J., 2013. Entrepreneur motivations and life course.International Small Business Journal,31(1), pp.34-56. Koester, E., 2016.Green entrepreneur handbook: the guide to building and growing a green and clean business. CRC Press. McGowan, P., Redeker, C.L., Cooper, S.Y. and Greenan, K., 2012. Female entrepreneurship and the management of business and domestic roles: Motivations, expectations and realities.Entrepreneurship Regional Development,24(1-2), pp.53-72. Mitchelmore, S. and Rowley, J., 2013. Entrepreneurial competencies of women entrepreneurs pursuing business growth.Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,20(1), pp.125-142. Parker, S.C. and Van Praag, C.M., 2012. The entrepreneur's mode of entry: Business takeover or new venture start?.Journal of Business Venturing,27(1), pp.31-46. Sajjad, S.I., Shafi, H. and Dad, A.M., 2012. Impact of culture on entrepreneur intention.Information Management and Business Review,4(1), p.30. St-Jean, E. and Audet, J., 2012. The role of mentoring in the learning development of the novice entrepreneur.International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal,8(1), pp.119-140. Wesfarmers.com.au. (2016).Our impact. Available at: https://www.wesfarmers.com.au/our-impact/our-impact [Accessed on 6 Sep. 2016].

To Kill a Mockingbird free essay sample

Expository Essay Submit via Engrade Turn-ins Instruction: You are to write a 1000-2500 word five-paragraph expository essay on suggested topics from To Kill A Mockingbird. The notion behind expository writing is that the writer attempts to  expose  or reveal  information that the reader is not likely to know. Your primary goal, then, is to explain a concept. Your objective in this essay is to demonstrate your proficiency at using well-chosen examples of various types. You will be expected to refer to your lecture notes, your textbooks and the class website as resources for your writing. See below for suggested topics and structure. [pic] Essay Topics 1. Analyze the childhood world of Jem, Scout, and Dill and their relationship with Boo Radley. 2. Explore how Jem and Scout change during the course of the novel. Evaluate how they remain the same. 3. Examine what it means to be the â€Å"other† or an outsider in the novel. We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill a Mockingbird or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Place your analysis in historical context, taking into consideration the social and economic milieu of the 1930s. 4. Discuss the role of symbolism in To Kill a Mockingbird. Organising and Structuring your Essay 1. Introductory Paragraph:  Begin your expository essay by raising the audience’s interest in the introductory paragraph with an anecdotal example (or another  hook  to get your reader interested). While using anecdotes is not the only method of building an introductory paragraph, it is fundamentally easy and an effective strategy for connecting with your audience. In the very last sentence of your introductory paragraph, state your  expository thesis. Usually expository thesis statements, like the sample topics above, are expressed in the form of an opinion/claim. Yours hould be stated in the form of an opinion/claim as well. Feel free to e-mail me or meet with me to discuss your expository thesis. 2. Main Body Section:  In the main body of your essay, you must use  3-4  general examples. (Depending on your topic, you might also think of these general examples as â€Å"reasons†. ) Each of these 3-4 general examples must be developed in a separate paragraph. Within each of these 3-4 paragraphs, employ the various types of specific, supportive examples discussed both in your textbook and in the class lecture (especially  the one on paragraphs). Apply some organising principle (chronological, ascending or descending importance) †¢ Be sure that you constantly keep your expository thesis statement in mind, as that is the concept or opinion that you are trying to explain and illustrate to your audience. 3. Concluding Paragraph:  Your concluding paragraph should clearly bring the essay to a close. You can use another anecdotal example, or you may use any other way to emphasise your main point in the essay. Remember not to simply restate your thesis statement. †¢Ã‚  Page length:  Your essay must be between 2 ? and 3 typed, double-spaced pages. Remember to title your essay uniquely. Don’t call it the â€Å"Expository Essay Assignment†. †¢Ã‚  Audience:  your instructor, other college and university students. If you use any niche terms or particularly unusual examples you will need to explain them. †¢Ã‚  Writing Mode:  primarily expository; optional analysis. †¢Ã‚  Purpose:  to practise the skill of supporting claims with examples; to inform and explain. †¢Ã‚  Style Guidelines:  Remember, your paper must follow the basic conventions of standard Canadian written English (correct mechanics, usage, grammar, spelling, punctuation, sentence structure etc†¦) and MLA style if you do any referencing. To Kill A Mockingbird free essay sample To what extent is ‘To Kill A Mockingbird’ a critique of the values promoted in Maycomb society? Maycomb County is its own little world, made of real people but it reflects the wider world of America in terms of its attitudes, issues and characters. It, the microcosm which reflects the macrocosm of America, such as the way blacks are regarded and treated. The story is told from a viewpoint of a growing 6 year old child, Scout Finch. So we are seeing situations from an innocent ‘eye’, ‘she looked and smelled like a peppermint drop’ after the misinforming way the child regards adults and the way they act and talk. This sober judgement is a truth to be understood by all young people because they don’t understand certain things in life. For example recognising the quality of their parents, such as when Atticus had the ‘best shot in the county’ with the mad dog incident. We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill A Mockingbird or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Scout discovers values of Atticus, which develops her respect for him. Scout doesn’t understand why ladies disapprove of the manner of her growing up, ‘Jean Louise stop scratching your head,’ and also why Atticus is very strict in what’s right and wrong. This again highlights her innocence and that she’ll soon learn to discover that things change in life and one must accept them. Scout represents how people develop attitudes because of a lack of knowledge. For example, she imagines Boo Radley being a ‘malevolent phantom’ which is based purely on hearsay. She comes to learn that people can be different yet there need be no prejudice against them. This is shown by the way she grew to understand Boo Radley and really she’s teaching a lesson to the community through the words and visions of the writer. This idea is portrayed in the New Testament where children, without prejudging through their innocence, show adults the way they should act. Scouts point of view idealises the belief in power of the Law but the reality is that the Law failed Tom Robinson, ‘Guilty†¦Guilty†¦Guilty. ’ We see how savage, normally reasonable adults can be when they came as a lynching party to prison. As in the book, the ‘Lord of the Flies’, we are shown that civilization is only a thin veneer and just below the surface people are savage and vicious. You know what we want get aside from the door Mr Finch,’ was quoted by a member of the lynch mob. It is interesting how the author is the innocent child throughout the novel, as there is hope on one side for a better world with the next generation, but a fear that when the child will grow, she may turn into the character of other adults and so loose her innocence. Hope is also indicated for the black community where, if lucky, had white people beginning to openly support them. At that time, however, the feeling was not strong enough and the accused black man was doomed to be condemned before the trial even started. For example, when Atticus forcefully showed that Tom was innocent and that the Ewells were lying, with proof, the verdict was still going to be guilty and the reader certainly gets the feeling of white supremacy when Tom was shot in prison. This shows that it is victimisation as there was no ‘absence of any corroborative evidence. ’ The white ladies of Maycomb society were a very typical group of hypocritical gossips. The majority belonged to the Missionary society in which gossip would be rife. For example when they lamented over an African tribe called the Mrunas and their living conditions, it lead to a discussion about how ungrateful the women believe Maycomb’s African-American community is. ‘Her eyes were always filled with tears those poor Mrunas†¦not a white person will go near em,’ however, they were failing to see that they have their own brand of racial discrimination happening in their daily lives. This is highlighted in the set out of Maycomb town. Through segregation, the blacks lived on one side of the ‘railway track’ and the whites on another. This also applied to the churches that the citizens attended. We know this owing to Scout and Jem’s experience to the ‘colored’ church, escorted by their black cook Calpurnia. Harper Lee presents the black people in a better light, which is true as we see the jury, lynch mob and most certainly the Ewells being anything but nice. On the other side, Calpurnia, the firm boss of her own kitchen has respect from Atticus and is an almost surrogate mother. She leads a ‘double life’ with the white and black communities and is accorded respect by the ones who care and gives respect in return. The ladies feel that it is their duty to start to influence Scout to behave more ‘lady like’ as we see with Scouts and Aunt Alexandra’s conversations. But even here, we see them being very human and real as with the sharp-tongued Mrs. Dubose, until Jem learns a very important lesson about life, about not judging people unless you know their circumstances. ‘You never really know a person until you stand and walk around in its shoes. We, as teenagers, relate to Scout in objecting to what is seen as the fussy interference of the ladies. But as time goes by and Scout accepts more and more, she is beginning to evolve into being a new lady. This reflects Atticus’ splendid way of bringing his children up and explaining issues and morals to be learnt, ‘just remember that it is a sin to kill a mockingbird’ even though they are criticised by Aunt Alexandra. It is a measure of successful parenting that society tolerated theses ladies in such a dignified way. Education is a key value that is criticised too. One lady in particular was singled out for a critical portrait and that was the schoolteacher of Scout who should have known better. Mrs. Caroline Fisher objected that Scout had been taught to read at home and therefore wanted her to start afresh than building on whatever had been done. ‘When Miss. Caroline threatened†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ The ‘ladies’ will become an increasing influence on Scout on the absence of her mother; they mean well and wish to be of use, but they find it difficult to move away from their traditional attitudes of the South, which saw slavery as an unchallenged way of life and white superiority is the norm. This has been so true of school teachers over the years, who don’t want parents to interfere with education and it is only recently that a more open attitude has been shown by the education profession where they will encourage and build on skills for the more able. The people of Maycomb were like any other American community at that time. They were entrenched in racial prejudice, where an accused black man was presumed to be guilty. For all of Atticus’ logical demonstration that Tom could not have raped Mayella and that it was most probably her father who assaulted her when he was drunk, the jury convicted Tom. Scout was disturbed and confused by this but Atticus advised her, ‘It’s not okay to hate anybody’. This was not the only criticism to be levelled at the adults of Maycomb. There was much debate about Hitler and his oppression of the Jews. Such segregation was seen as wrong. In fact Miss Gates explained democracy with ‘Equal rights for all, special privileges for none’, and stated ‘We are a democracy’, without recognising the racial oppression in her home town. Maycomb was certainly a town of the South with its serious, atmospheric court room, segregating black and white, ‘colored balcony,’ and its slow pace of life which was reflected by the drawling dialects of the speakers, ‘yes suh†¦no comment,’ which again showed how the people had search into accepted ways of life. Another deep, but understandable prejudice by the adults was the way they considered Boo Radley. Scout created in her mind a vision of a monster for this recluse, ‘it’s because he wants to stay inside. The adults were not so different in their views, apart from Atticus, for they allowed all sorts of stories to develop purely because he was different and didn’t fit in. Fear may be the reason, ignorance certainly is a cause. Scout had a sufficiently open mind to allow a new awareness to develop about this kind, quiet man. Her understanding led to his rescuing from the Ewell’s attack. Scout comes to realise and understand that persecuting Boo would truly be ‘like killing a Mockingbird. ’ What sort of world Harper Lee was portraying and how true to life was it really? What sort of world did she want to portray? Harper Lee had a vision of the world, similar to Martin Luther King who was influenced by this book. Lee ‘had a dream’ where there was no prejudice against those who were different physically and mentally, for example with Tom Robinson and Boo Radley, one was a ‘nigger’ and the other was ‘white’ and one ‘mockingbird’ was ‘shot’ and the other ‘mockingbird’ was forced to kill. There would be no prejudice in terms of race and only be, ‘one kinda folks. Folks. Also the relevance of Atticus’s belief in Calpurnias dignity and how he had no prejudice against women generally, ‘listen to your aunt’ is shown. Lee saw a world which was based on respect for a set of Laws that protected the vulnerable, would be followed, and which would allow a way of life where reason would overcome emotional prejudice. For example ‘Somehow Atticus had hit her hard in a way that was not clear to me, but it gave him no pleasure to do so’, shows he never humiliated Mayella Ewell but felt sorry as he realised that she had been raped by her father. Very positive visions in reality have all too often negative manifestations, but the hope was that things would improve in the future. Lee presents the speech of the characters in their own dialect. For example, the attitude of the white people to the blacks is shown when they refer to them as ‘niggers’ or ‘darkies’; these emotive words would be disapproved of today. This language suggests the character of the speaker and Judge Taylor cautions Bob Ewell for his bad language in court. In contrast, Miss Maudie uses rather posh language when Jem offered her some chewing gum. Chewing gum cleaved to her palate and rendered her speechless. ’ This language fascinated Jem. Calpurnia at one stage turns to black grammar and Scout comments on her change from white standard English and asks ‘Cal†¦Why do you talk nigger talk? ’ The most important feature of the language is shown by two of the characters. Atticus is very serious as would be expected from a lawyer in court. ‘She has merely broken a rigid and time-honored code of our society, a code so severe that whoever breaks it is hounded from our midst as unfit to live with. He does not do this to show of but because his way of life demands precise language, which is calm and reasoned. The other person is Scout who is the narrator. The language she uses is adult in style, because Scout is recounting memories of her childhood. This is a very clever technique carried out by Lee because it allows her to ask questions about the adults in Maycomb and to show how puzzled she is by what goes on. For example, her narration leads into Atticus explaining to Jem why Mrs. Dubose is so bad-tempered and yet should be understood. Scout’s misunderstanding about her world and the adult’s, usually to humorous situations, but it also draws us, the reader, into her world where she observes Maycomb and its people. Lee presents the vision for a better future through Scout’s open minded innocence and Atticus’s words. We, like Scout are caught up in his conversations and come to realise, as did Scout, that ‘it was not until many years later that I realised he wanted me to hear every word he said. ’ To Kill a Mockingbird free essay sample Many people are seen as good, and many are seen as evil, but that is never the only side to a person. People are often judged by social and financial inequality. Both of these themes are illustrated in the book and movie that are talked about in this essay. Harper Lee’s novel To Kill a Mockingbird and the movie Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins, develop the theme of â€Å"The Coexistence of Good and Evil† and â€Å"Social and Financial Inequality† in order to illustrate equality. In Harper Lee’s book To Kill A Mockingbird there were many times in where there were two obvious opposing forces coexisting at certain times in the book. The two forces that are being opposed to each other are called â€Å"Good Evil†. The good and evil were different for each character in this book. Tom Robinson’s trial had two different sides with one that could be known as being evil for accusing a innocent man for a crime which he did not commit, while the good is when Atticus for defended the innocent man from being sent to prison for something that he did not do. We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill a Mockingbird or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I dont know, but they did it. Theyve done it before and they did it tonight and theyll do it again and when they do it-seems that only children weep† (Lee 285). This quote provides proof that â€Å"Good Evil† do coexist. Towards the middle and end of Hunger Games, the coexistence of good and evil is shown between a few of the characters in the movie. The biggest example of this is the alliance that is formed to kill Katniss. Cato, the â€Å"leader† of the alliance, is destined to win the Hunger Games, so he forms a group that will work together. Cato has an â€Å"evil† type of personality and he is from a district that trains, and volunteers as tribute for the Hunger Games. People in his district have won several times, and they are stuck up and arrogant. The main reason he is a example of the coexistence of good and evil is because he wants to win, but he has an evil attitude towards the other people in the Hunger Games. At the beginning of To Kill a Mockingbird, we are introduced to the different social statuses and the social inequality in Maycomb. An example of social inequality is the the Cunningham family. A specific example of this is when Scout asked Aunt Alexandra if Walter could come over for dinner. Then Aunt Alexandra said,†Jean Louise, there is no doubt in my mind that they’re not good folks. But they’re not our kinds of folks†(Lee 224). This shows that Aunt Alexandra does not believe that Scout should be interacting with Cunningham family, mainly because they are not on the same social category as Scout and her family. The movie Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins, clearly illustrates social and financial inequality thorough the entire movie. The most noticeable difference shown in this movie, is between the Capitol, and the districts. The Capitol is very wealthy and is a very nice place, where the districts have barely any money, food. or freedom. District 12, where the two main characters, Katniss and Peeta, are from, has little to any food, and is a outline district, which means they are under looked. Katniss and Peeta are very surprised and are not used to all the food and wealth, while they are in the capitol. It is very unfair how the districts are treated, compared to the Capitol, which is a form of social and financial equality. Harper Lee’s novel To Kill a Mockingbird and the movie Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins, illustrated equality by developing the theme of â€Å"The Coexistence of Good and Evil† and â€Å"Social and Financial Inequality†. They both showed different examples of each theme, in several different ways. Many people are treated poorly from social and financial inequality and by the coexistence of good and evil. The point that is being made in this essay, is that people should not be treated differently because they have less money or live in a different way, or the way they act around others. To Kill a Mockingbird free essay sample Edmund Burke discusses how Atticus triumphs and is victorious but has to suffer through hardships and abuse in order to stand up for what is right. This quotation expresses Atticus role in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird. The novel is set in Maycomb, Alabama during the 1930s which helps to establish the economic hard times and racism. Atticus Finch takes on the case of Tom Robinson, a black man accused of raping Mayella Ewell. The community is divided and the majority of the people do not agree with his decision. Atticus stands for Justice. In order for him to pursue Justice, he has to receive the multitudes of abuse. Every move Atticus makes, his children and community realize the full weight of these decisions. Atticus decision to defend Tom Robinson has an effect on his children, his community, and himself. Atticuss decision to defend Tom Robinson has a direct effect on his children. We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill a Mockingbird or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The public is critical of Atticus, and the treatment of his children reflects that. Jem and Scout are called names and criticized by not only their peers but also their neighbors. They electively subject themselves to the trial which places them in a complicated situation. Jem believes throughout the trial that Atticus is going to win which shows Jems first-hand experience with injustice. All evidence points to the fact that Tom is innocent yet, Tom is found guilty based on the Jurys decision. It is not the facts but the fact that Tom is black that changes the truth into Mayellas lie. As a result, Jems view of the world suddenly changes. Its like bein a caterpillar in a cocoon Like somethin asleep wrapped up in a warm place. I always thought Maycomb folks were the best folks in the world, least thats what they seemed like (Lee 215). At one time he thinks that all people in Maycomb County are faultless. After seeing the discrimination and racism, he sees the prejudice and the hate and this is when he changes. This quotation represents Jems loss of innocence. The mockingbird symbolizes innocence throughout the entire novel so the book title would mean the death of innocence. At this moment, Jem experiences his own death of innocence by realizing the bias and racial intolerance of society. Jems maturity is the final outcome of Tom Robinsons case. Atticuss decision to defend Tom not only affects his children but also the community. This case brings up mainly the issue of race but also shows how the community is divided between the traditional south and the future of the south. People like Miss Dubose and Miss Merriweather are stuck in the old south, while people like Atticus and his children; bring forward new racial ideas about equality. Atticus forces people to be accountable for their decisions. This is best exemplified through the lynch mob. Atticus goes to the Jail that night is to protect Tom Robinson so the mob does not kill him. This is illustrated through their disguise of cold weather clothing and drunken state. This clan of men represents the opinion of the community about the trial. These planned racist actions are averted by Scouts innocent questioning. Scout picks a man out of the mob and isolates him by calling on him, which makes Mr. Cunningham realize his erroneous actions. She starts to empathize with Atticus. Mr. Cunningham realizes that Atticus is helping Tom Just like Atticus is helping him. In this realization, the mob departs. This later affects the verdict of the Jury because a Cunningham is left to make a decision. This is a sign for a possible change. Mr. Cunningham and the citizens are affected by Atticuss decision to defend a black man. Atticuss decision to defend Tom affects him physically, mentally, and emotionally. It is evident when the sweat pours down his face in court, Tom dies, and Bob Ewell tries to kill Jem and Scout. By the end of the novel, Bob Ewell is beyond the state of being able to process thoughts completely. Jem and Scout are walking home from the pageant at the high school, and Scout remembers that she forgot her shoes. Jem says it is too dark and they should Just keep walking. As they walk, Jem keeps stopping because of a consistent noise that miraculously disappears as they stop. Little did they know that who they thought was Cecil in the darkness was really Bob Ewell trying to carry out his threat to Atticus. Theres Just some kind of men you have to shoot before you can say hidy to em. Even then, they aint worth the bullet it takes to shoot em (Lee 269). Sheriff Tates quotation explains to Atticus that Bob Ewells killing is nothing for anyone to feel guilty about because it put to rest a piece of racial inequality. Ewell blames Atticus for the outcome of the trial and how it made him guilty in the eyes of society. Even though Ewell won over the Jury, he did not win over the Judge, the black community, or the white community because Atticus shows the truth. The only thing that was in the way of Tom winning the case was a white mans word against a black mans. Bob Ewell ends up falling onto a knife when he ries to kill the children. Atticus takes into consideration that the killing of Bob Ewell is a step into the killing of racism. Atticus is the heroic figure throughout the novel and standing up for Tom only seems to affect him negatively but has all positive outcomes. Atticus defending Tom Robinson results in his beneficiaries paying a price. Atticus, his children, and his community go through a devastating battle, but ultimately come out victorious. Jem losses his innocence and becomes aware of the injustices in his community. The lynch mob is stopped, but Mr. Cunningham as an individual becomes more aware of his decisions. Tom Robinson is on trial, but behind him is racism on trial. Even though Tom has lost the trial in court, he wins the trial in the hearts of men. This shows the first step in a gradual change of society and societys ability to change. Edmund Burke shows that Atticus faces exploitation and suffering but it was all for the feat over racism and conquering the injustice throughout society. With any great struggle, there will be a price to pay and a gradual progression of Justice. To Kill a Mockingbird free essay sample To Kill a Mockingbird alludes to Atticuss warning to Scout not to shoot her rifle at mockingbirds because they do nothing to harm people or there crops they only provide lovely music for people to listen to. (p. 119) Without this warning in the story the title wouldnt make sense, it would just be an off shot statement oblivious to the surrounding story. The warning is cryptic at first glance but looking back one can interpret this as foreshadowing. Atticuss warning is later turned into a metaphor when Tom Robinson, an innocent man who picked cotton for Link Deas, is accused of raping a young woman whos house he walked by twice a day. This is where Ms. Lee creates the metaphor between the mockingbird and Tom Robinson, the crippled African-American man accused of rape. The mockingbird and Tom Robinson have several similarities, they are both innocent, and free of sin, they are both humble and try only to good and it is considered a sin to kill a mockingbird and a crippled man. We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill a Mockingbird or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Tom Robinson is a crippled African-American man being used as a scapegoat for a crime that never happened. He was proven innocent by a lawyer accepting of all races, yet was jailed by a jury unable to push aside a prejudice and end a portion of racism in small southern town. As readers we are led to believe that Tom Robinson was an innocent man accused for a crime that he didnt commit, and jailed by a court of intolerance. Tom Robinson was killed as a criminal but died as an innocent man, he did not commit the crime that was pressed upon him, and was wrongfully killed while serving time for his oppression. The title of To Kill a Mockingbird has very little literal connection to the plot, but it carries a great deal of symbolic weight in the book. In this story of innocents destroyed by evil, the â€Å"mockingbird† comes to represent the idea of innocence. Thus, to kill a mockingbird is to destroy innocence. Throughout the book, a number of characters (Jem, Tom Robinson, Dill, Boo Radley, Mr. Raymond) can be identified as mockingbirds—innocents who have been injured or destroyed through contact with evil. This connection between the novel’s title and its main theme is made explicit several times in the novel: after Tom Robinson is shot, Mr. Underwood compares his death to â€Å"the senseless slaughter of songbirds,† and at the end of the book Scout thinks that hurting Boo Radley would be like â€Å"shootin’ a mockingbird. † Most important, Miss Maudie explains to Scout: â€Å"Mockingbirds don’t do one thing but . . . sing their hearts out for us. That’s why it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird. † That Jem and Scout’s last name is Finch (another type of small bird) indicates that they are Scout is puzzled by this remark and asks Miss Maudie Atkinson about it. Miss Maudie says that: To Kill a Mockingbird free essay sample This paper introduces and discusses literary influences in To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. The following paper discusses Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird, one of the most popular books of all time. This paper briefly describes the story of Scout, a young girl who is growing up in a small Alabama town, but it also comments on the story of racial prejudice, and one mans fight against it. The paper looks at the story of Scouts father, Atticus, who is a well-respected lawyer in the community, that is, until he decides to defend a Black man accused of rape, Tom Robinson. The writer of this paper asserts that this novel is more than just a story about racial prejudice, rather it is a story about being an outsider, no matter what color you are, and it also is a story of good and evil, where good triumphs in the end. We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill a Mockingbird or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The mockingbirds are gentle, and the opposite of the bluejays. All they do is sing lovely songs, and try to get along in the bird world. They symbolize the Blacks in this small Alabama town, because all they try to do is get along, and they would not hurt anyone. Even the last name of the Finch family is symbolic of the bird symbolism used in this book. Finches are small, gentle birds, which live in large communal groups. Atticus is a gentle man, who does not believe in prejudice at any level, and fiercely defends Tom Robinson and Boo Radley, because he knows they are innocent, and they are really on trial because of their color, or because they are different and do not fit in to the society of the small town. Atticus is a gentle man, the hero of the story, but he is not afraid to stand up for what he thinks is right. To Kill a Mockingbird free essay sample Find a sentence which illustrates the following idea/attitude:pride in conformity and distrust of those who are different The Radleys kept to themselves and kept their shutters and doors closed on Sundays. 1. Chapter one introduces readers to the town of Maycomb, its appearance, its inhabitants, and the particular attitudes of many of its people. Find a sentence which illustrates the following idea/attitude:awareness of difference in social classes The Cunninghams from Old Sarum were the nearest thing to a gang in Maycomb. â€Å"the wrong crowd† 1. Chapter one introduces readers to the town of Maycomb, its appearance, its inhabitants, and the particular attitudes of many of its people. Find a sentence which illustrates the following idea/attitude:narrow span of interest and almost no interest in the world outside Maycomb superstition and gossip surrounding the Radleys 1. Approximately when does the story begin? Show evidence to support your answer. Two references help establish the time as the early 1930s: the movie Dracula and the reference to FDR’s address â€Å". We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill a Mockingbird or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page . . nothing to fear but fear itself. † 1. What do we know for certain about Boo Radley? Boo had been kept a virtual prisoner in his home since misdemeanors in his teens. 1. Why is Boo fascinating to the children? Boo is fascinating to the children because he lives in a run-down, spooky house and is the subject of many superstitions. Because they have never seen him, the children are fascinated with pretending about Boo. Chapter Two 2. Scout makes three mistakes during her first day at school. What are her mistakes, and why do they make Miss Caroline so angry? On the first day of school, Scout reads, writes, and attempts to explain to Miss Caroline the kind of poor people the Cunninghams are. Miss Caroline feels inadequate. 3. Why are the professional people in Maycomb poor at this time? Professional people are poor because the farmers were poor; Maycomb is farm country. 4. What is the WPA, and why won’t Mr. Cunningham work for it? WPA was the Works Progress Administration, a government-sponsored agency which created jobs constructing public buildings. It was part of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal. Mr. Cunningham apparently disagreed politically. Chapter Three 5. Calpurnia lectures Scout on manners when Scout criticizes Walter’s manners and Atticus supports her. What does this tell you about how both Calpurnia and Atticus feel about others? Cal believes anyone who is a guest in one’s house should be treated with courtesy. Atticus supports Cal. 6. Burris Ewell, Walter Cunningham, and Chuck Little are all from extremely poor families. However, there are great differences both in appearance and in attitudes, particularly between the Cunninghams and the Ewells. What are those differences and why do you suppose they exist? The instinctive courtesy of Chuck Little and the steely pride of Walter Cunningham contrast with the filthy, foul-mouthed Burris Ewell. This may be a result of different attitudes and examples set for them by their parents. 7. Atticus tells Scout, â€Å"You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view. . . until you climb in his skin and walk around in it. † What are some of the things that Scout begins to realize at this point? Scout has learned to try to look at things from another person’s point of view. 8. Why does Atticus say that the law is rigid for â€Å"common folk,† but it is bent in certain ways for the Ewells? Atticus explains that the Ewells will never change; therefore, the law permits them to stay out of school and allows their father to hunt out of season so the children can have food. 9. What is the â€Å"compromise† which Atticus suggests? Atticus suggests a compromise of Scout’s attending school in return for being able to go on reading every night as they always have. Chapter 4 1. She says about her teacher, she also says about the different types of students and how the higher grades get out 30 min after them 2. They are coming from Boo Radley as gifts from him to the children. He watches them all the time from inside his house. 3. Scout is scared of the laughing she heard from the Radley house when she rolled in the tire, and Atticus was already suspicious that the children were acting out Boos legend, or the Boo Radley game. Chapter 5 1. A kind, cheerful, and witty neighbor and trusted friend of Scouts, who also upholds a strong moral code and helps the children gain perspective on the events surrounding the trial. She also loves gardening. Miss. Maudie adds a gentleness to the mother figure that Calpurnia, although she cares geatly for Scout, cant always give. She helps Scout as Jem grows up and distances himself from her. Miss. Maudie reassures Scout when things get nasty and he neighbours criticize Atticus. Miss. Maudie not only nurtures Scout but shows her what is really important in life. I like her react when her house burns down. As she watches the flames devour her house, she simply states that she always wanted a smaller one with a bigger garden. 2. No she is not putting down all baptist because she is a baptist herself, she was just putting down the foot washing Baptists. 3. What she is saying is that religion makes people do worse things than whiskey. At least, she is saying it is possible for that to happen. 4. Atticus wants equality for all and believes the court can be the equalizer. He believes that Radley deserves a right to privacy,just like everyone else. Chapter 6 5. because it is Dills last day in maycomb and he wants to see what the radley place looks like. 6. Jem says to Scout Scout Im tellin you for the last time, shut your trap or go home I declare to the lord youre gettin more like a girl every day! Then Scout states she no option but to join them (Jem and Dill) 7. This tells us that Jem is fearful of him fathers authority and has a lot of respect for his father and wants to continue to have a good relationship with him. Chapter 7 1. Jems pants(Jemery Atticus Finch) had been left stuck under the fence of Boos yard. When jem returnded later that night to get his pants they had been untangles from the fence, sewn (very poorly), and folded and hung on the fence as if they were waiting for him. 2. It represented Boos friendly connection with the Finch children. Everyone thought Boowas a fearsome, crazy phantom and awful rumours were spread around about him. In actual fact, Boo was a nice person, except he didnt have any contact with the outside world. He left gifts in the knothole for Jem and Scout to find, because he wanted to express his friendship. 3. Jem cries when Nathan Radley cemented the hole because he realises that Boo was trying to befriend them and Nathan Radley cut off that connection by depriving Boo of friendship, so to speak. he does not what Boo to contact the children. Chapter 8 1. They are trying to make fun of him. The reason is that he had insulted them by calling them sinners and saying the snow was all their fault. . He wants to protect Boo Radley from all the town gossip. he also wants to protect boo from getting punished by his brother 3. When her house is destroyed, Miss Maudie does not mourn over her loss. The things she lost were just possessions which could be replaced. She was glad no one was hurt. Chapter 9 a Atticus says that the word N****** is common. 1. b. Atticus knew he could never live with himself if he did not defend Tom Robinson. Though he was black, Tom Robinson was obviously innocent. Atticuss conscience would not let him send an innocent man to jail, black or not. . he disapproved of Scouts language and behavior. 2. Is Atticuss sister and Jem and Scouts Aunt. b. He is Aunt Alexandras grandson and Scout and Jems second cousin c. Jem and Scouts Uncle and Atticuss brother. d. Aunt Alexandras husband and Scout and Jems Uncle. Chapter 10 1. Scout thinks Atticus is no good, at least not as good as what they think he is anymore. One reason is because Atticus didnt teach them for to use the air rifles and leave that task to Uncle Jack. Another reason is because he is older than most of their friends fathers, at nearly 50. They see him as feeble. 2. She simply is saying because mockingbirds dont do anything but keep to themselves we shouldnt bother them ( the Radleys and Tom Robinson) 3. she explains it by saying how when god gives you a gift it is not to be taken advantage of and your father knew that their is a time and place for everything and when it was time he gave up hunting and shooting. he is a civilized man at heart 4. Jem wants Scout to pay attention and do well in school and not to brag that their father didnt attend school. Chapter 11 1. ecause mrs dubose is addicted to her pain medicine and she is dying so she doesnt want to die addicted to something so every day when jem is reading she waits a little longer to take it until she is finally off of the medicine and she dies a month later Because she was sick and really was ugly, also it adds more of an effect when she dies. 2. Because she was sick and really was ugly, also it adds more of an effect when she dies. From the early description of Mrs. Dubose, we understand that she is a very selfish, and she dont like black people. It gives you a dislike for her instantly. However, later, we learn she wants to die free of her addiction, and we learn that she is brave and strong. The author does this (as in several other instances in the novel) to remind us people are good and bad and that people should not be judged on the surface. 3Atticus tells Scout that nlover is just one of those terms that do not mean anything and that ignorant, trashy people use it when they think somebodys favoring Negroes over and above themselves when they want a common, ugly term to label somebody. Atticus goes on to say that he is indeed nlover, because he does his best to love everybody. Atticus says that Mrs. Dubose has the most courage of any person he has ever known. He holds this opinion because she had the courage to fight and overcome her addiction to morphine. Atticus Finch really had no choice in defending Tom Robinson. He knew that he couldnt hold his head up around town, that if he had turned down the case, he wouldnt be able to tell his own children what to do a nd have them listen to He was appointed to the case but he wants to try and defend him because he thinks everyone should have the same chance To Kill a Mockingbird free essay sample In the book, â€Å"To Kill A Mockingbird,† Atticus teaches his children the extremely important golden rule. He basically says, â€Å"Treat others the way you want to be treated,† as Jesus told us many many years ago. The reason that prompts his words is when Scout comes home from her first day of school. She is complaining about her teacher, Miss Caroline, and Walter Cunningham until he stops her. He is trying to help Scout consider that there might be a reason that nobody can see for way people act the way they do. Wayne Dyer says â€Å"You get treated in life the way you teach people to treat. People may have been taught to treat other people differently than they were treated, and all one can do is try to understand where they are coming from. Atticus hopes his children will learn to treat people with respect all the time no matter what they person is doing to them. We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill a Mockingbird or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His words do have effects on his children because Scout becomes upset at Jem for not talking to her, and she decides to â€Å"jump into his skin,† and she backs off. Miss Maudie demonstrates Atticus’s advice of seeing from another’s perspective. First, â€Å"she still took a lively and cordial interest in Jem’s and my affairs,† (97) even though she had just lost her house in a fire. When she lost her house she didn’t become sulky and miserable. Instead, she said, â€Å"Just think, I’ll have more room for my azaleas. † (97) Also, she doesn’t decide to get angry at the â€Å"foot washing baptists,† (59) for telling her that her flowers were a sin. She shows that she doesn’t get upset about the trivial things in life. She looks at the bigger picture and sees that she has her friends to support her. To Kill a Mockingbird free essay sample According to many dictionaries, symbolism is â€Å"the practice of representing things by means of symbols or of attributing symbolic meanings or significance to objects, events, or relationships†. In the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, the mockingbird referred to in the title is a prominent symbol throughout; the snowman building in the winter and Atticus Finch are other examples of symbolism. Some symbols are easily seen, but some require a certain approach and a little digging to understand. The snowman, the fire in Miss Maudie Atkinsons house, and the mockingbird are all examples of symbolism. The snowman that Jem and Scout make in front of Miss Maudie Atkinsons house one winter is an example of symbolism. There is not enough snow for the snowman, so Jem uses dirt for the foundation and then covers it with the snow that they have on the ground. The snowman is symbolic in that Jem is trying to cover up the black ‘man’ and showing that he is the same as the white man, just with a different colour. We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill a Mockingbird or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ‘‘‘Jem I ain’t ever heard of a n***** snowman’, I said. † â€Å"He won’t be black long’, he grunted. †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Lee, p. 89) This symbol takes a certain outlook to understand, much like the main protagonist of the novel Atticus Finch. Atticus Finch is a great example of symbolism as he is seen as a hero when he kills the rabid dog. Atticus is a father in that he shows love and guidance to his children. He is also the only lawyer in Maycomb that would represent a black man. Atticus always tells his children that shooting a mockingbird is a sin because they do not do any harm â€Å"Mockingbirds don’t do one thing but make music for us to enjoy. They don’t eat up people’s gardens, don’t nest in corncribs, they don’t do one thing but sing their hearts out for us. That’s why it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird † (Lee, p. 117) This statement has more significance to the book than what is understood primarily. The mockingbird shows symbolism because ‘killing a mockingbird is a sin’. In the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, Atticus Finch says to his children As you grow older, you will see white men cheat black men every day of your life, but let me tell you something and don’t you forget it – whenever a white man does that to a black man, no matter who he is, how rich he is, or how fine a family he comes from, that white man is trash. (Lee, p. 295) That statement is similar to what he says to his kids about killing a mockingbird. The mockingbird symbolizes discriminated black people. They are innocent and would almost never harm anyone just like the mockingbird. Boo Radley is also innocent and would never harm anyone therefore the mockingbird also symbolizes him. Boo never comes out because he does not want to face the prejudice and corruption of the county and to his knowledge, the rest of the world as Jem said â€Å"I think I’m beginning to understand why Boo Radley’s stayed shut up in his house all this time . . it’s because he wants to stay inside. † (Lee, p. 304) With all of these examples of symbolism in the novel, one cannot help but think that there is more to it than originally understood. In general symbolism reveals the prejudice, the fears and all of the dishonest things they citizens of Maycomb do. It also reveals an attempt to get rid of these feelings in Maycomb by a community hero, Atticus Finch, and his children who have a strong desire to follow in his footsteps. Underneath another event in the novel the snowman has significant symbolism along with the constant referrals to the title and main reference, the sin of killing a mockingbird. Symbolism makes this novel so very appropriate, essentially what it is about. Without having any type of symbolism, the novel would not be nearly as complete and educational, as many readers love about it.

Free Essays on Ag Aviation

It’s 4:30 in the morning when the alarm goes off. You crawl out of bed and look outside through the dark to see a starry sky and a slight rustle in the leaves. It’s time to move, the aphids and leafhoppers have been busy working all night causing destruction to the crop and the weeds are still choking the yield out of a good crop, both of which threaten the farmers future. You have a busy day lined up†¦over 9,000 acres to spray and more coming in every day. You hope that the wind doesn’t pick up too much so that you can get in a full day of work. You can hardly believe that you have logged nearly 100 hrs in just the past week alone trying to stay caught up filling customer orders. Your muscles burn from the strain of piloting the heavy, overloaded aircraft through so many low-level high-G turns. You preflight your aircraft and go over the work orders that you prepared the night before looking for critical information such as environmentally sensitive areas and field borders. You notice a light north wind blowing which means that half of your spray runs in the field will be into the rising sun. Very beautiful, but also very deadly as the bright sun likes to hide field obstacles. The cool morning air is smooth and you drag your heavy airplane up to 300 feet to fly out to the field. You fly over the field and look very carefully, sometimes poles are hidden in the trees on either side of the field leaving just the wire in between. This scenario has killed quite a few pilots. You check for other obstacles and plan how to maneuver to avoid houses as your 600 H.P. P&W engine is very loud. You make a wide sweeping turn to line up on the field while you set up and calibrate your GPS swath guidance equipment and check the flight instruments one more time. You enter the field at a wheel height of 3 to 5 feet and 110 MPH for optimal results and make constant altitude adjustments to maintain swath height. You take in... Free Essays on Ag Aviation Free Essays on Ag Aviation It’s 4:30 in the morning when the alarm goes off. You crawl out of bed and look outside through the dark to see a starry sky and a slight rustle in the leaves. It’s time to move, the aphids and leafhoppers have been busy working all night causing destruction to the crop and the weeds are still choking the yield out of a good crop, both of which threaten the farmers future. You have a busy day lined up†¦over 9,000 acres to spray and more coming in every day. You hope that the wind doesn’t pick up too much so that you can get in a full day of work. You can hardly believe that you have logged nearly 100 hrs in just the past week alone trying to stay caught up filling customer orders. Your muscles burn from the strain of piloting the heavy, overloaded aircraft through so many low-level high-G turns. You preflight your aircraft and go over the work orders that you prepared the night before looking for critical information such as environmentally sensitive areas and field borders. You notice a light north wind blowing which means that half of your spray runs in the field will be into the rising sun. Very beautiful, but also very deadly as the bright sun likes to hide field obstacles. The cool morning air is smooth and you drag your heavy airplane up to 300 feet to fly out to the field. You fly over the field and look very carefully, sometimes poles are hidden in the trees on either side of the field leaving just the wire in between. This scenario has killed quite a few pilots. You check for other obstacles and plan how to maneuver to avoid houses as your 600 H.P. P&W engine is very loud. You make a wide sweeping turn to line up on the field while you set up and calibrate your GPS swath guidance equipment and check the flight instruments one more time. You enter the field at a wheel height of 3 to 5 feet and 110 MPH for optimal results and make constant altitude adjustments to maintain swath height. You take in...

European sovereign debt crisis DURING 2010-2011 Essay

European sovereign debt crisis DURING 2010-2011 - Essay Example This was recorded to spread to Greece, Portugal and Ireland at the wake of 2009. This led to the business and the economies’ collapsing and the investors lacking confidence in these economies and this led to the further increase of the public sector debt. The public fiscal balances have faced substantial collateral damages since the 2007 global debt crisis. (Mitsopoulos, M. and Pelagidis, T. (2010) II. Background of the Crisis The crisis majorly erupted in the 2009 autumn season when there was bad governance in the euro zone as well as Greece. The roots of this had come in the previous decade where there was major borrowing in the international capital markets to fund the government budget and the current account deficit. The structural rigidities, weak revenue collection policies, strategies and the profligacy of the Greece government led to this heightened debt crisis. The newly elected government revised the budget to almost double in October. The investors were not pleased by this but the government tried to sell its bonds to the international market which fared well until the euro stat and the European union statistical agency had to go back at it and downgraded its bonds again. The nation then had a great debt in relation to its GDP. There was a weak coordination and management as regards the dealing with deficit. This was seen as the major reason why the debt was not controlled. III. Reasons behind the financial crisis The policies that were put in place were not the right ones to deal with the issue. To make the matters worse, the government wrong timing in the disclosure of the 2009 fiscal deficit to be below 10% and the proclamation that it would rise was sickening as this led to the investors lacking confidence and even lenders to be reluctant in offering loans to Greece. There was ever abundance on ambiguity in the budget lines. The budget lines were used to show the grouped spending items within the division of public administration the mana gement was seen to lack competency and inefficiency due to the ambiguity that mislead the lenders and the investors driving in more fears among them. The officials lacked the knowledge required in the evaluation of the policies against the government preferences. (Mitropoulos & Pelagidis, 2010) These programs have been progressing at a very slow tempo and have, therefore, derailed the reform programs in the health, labor culture and pension schemes and for such reasons, the country has been facing major structural unemployment in the last decade especially among the young people. This has been compensated by the GDP in regard to the feeble laws that have been imposed. (Schneider et al., 2010) On April 23rd 2010, the Greek government made an official request to be assisted by the IMF in conjunction with the euro zone countries because its statistics had shown a major crisis in its part to raise the funds to repay what they owe other countries. IV. Body Portfolio Theory and CAPM Due t o situations like the ones facing the European market, investors have come up with various ways to determine pricing of their stocks and manage their risky portfolios alike. Some of the theories used under such are Portfolio theory and CAPM. These are expounded as per the following paragraphs. Portfolio theory is a theory that is centered on the process through which any given investor can make up portfolios that maximize the

B2B Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

B2B Marketing - Essay Example Product realization entails the preliminary research towards initiation of products that are to be marketed as well as the actual development and testing of those products over their effectiveness in meeting customer demand. In the framework of new product realization the entire process comprises a number of steps that constitute the procedure efficient in terms of matching the ‘new product’ to be launched with the market demand. However, as Storey and Easingwood (1999) indicate, new product development should be consistent with the market trends and with the firm’s capabilities and resources. In that extend, firms should be highly focusing on designing those characteristics and attaching those features to their new products/ services that are meaningful and ‘desirable’ for both customers and the firms themselves. Adopting a market driven strategy with regards to new product realization is vital in that it eventually allows management to identify and explore the critical stakeholders’ requirements or needs and gradually embed these in the product/service specifications prior to launching a new product/service (Herrmann et al., 2000). Strategic new product realizations offer comparative advantages to organizations mostly due to the fact that they are credited for increasing competence, adding value to the firms’ offerings and eventually strengthen the competitive opposition in the overall market environments (Storey and Easingwood, 1999). However, product realization strategy needs to be market – oriented in order to provide the fundamental basis for successful results. According to Chakravarty (2001) the development of new products is essential only if these new products incorporate and embed the customer requirements, customer needs and generally pertain to addressing customer demand. The author further expands this view by arguing that market driven product realization strategy reflects the strategic fit of the new

Body language within the counselling forum and its implications Thesis

Body language within the counselling forum and its implications - Thesis Example What cues are and how researchers have thrashed out issues in counseling have been discussed. The significance of body language and how interpretations are made by the counselor are also discussed. The counselling profession for exceptional mental health needs shows an emerging trend on a global scale which has given shape to international counselling (Hohenshil 2010 p.3). Though found only in the US at one point of time, counselling has spread its wings to an international level. Developing tailored counselling programs is a challenge in itself. Political orientation does not influence this practice of counselling. Whatever the politics of a region, the positive mental health is a priceless social and economic asset (Hohenshil 2010 p 3). Advanced counseling systems with professional associations, armed with good credentials, highly qualified trained counsellors and unique counselling programs which produce the maximum positive results are a blessing to a nation. The multi-cultural diversity would require that programs are modified according to the needs of the local community. Diversity is seen in the national histories, social orientation (whether collectivistic or individua listic) and in different economic situations and political settings (Hohenshil 2010 p 3). Every field of practice has been developed to include counselling. Schools have counselling for their children who need help when they become backward in studies or have some issues with teachers and other students. Professional counsellors may need to have training if they have to cope with new situations. The counselling profession is in a different developmental stage in different countries. Progress is occurring at a fast pace (Hohenshil 2010 p 3). Body language or nonverbal communication constitutes a major component of counseling. Studying nonverbal communication is simulated to a treasure hunt without a map or tools

Working Mother Base On Attachment Theory

Working Mother Base On Attachment Theory There are increasing number of women continue their careers after given birth to their childs. They are regarded as working mothers, whom are facing many difficulties to keep balance between the work and the family. This phenomenon led to many studies about the effect of maternal employment base on a secure mother-infant attachment.This paper raise the question: many mothers are often confronted with the dilemma of choosing between their jobs or careers, and their children, whether they should come back to work after post partum. The attachment theory in this paper was found by John Bowlby, whom emphasized the importance of mothers attention and care on the infant. He argued that there was a long time last influence on the infant future life. There are also contemporary reasearches suggested that maternal employment have benefits on the family and the infant. The paper analyze the deveopment of mother-infant attachment theories and current studies, to evaluate the positive and negati ve effect to the infant of working mother. Infant-mother attachment Attachment theory was formulated by psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby. It is a psychological, evolutionary, and ethological theory concerning relationships between humans pointed out that a young child needs to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for social and emotional development to occur normally . According to his study of attachment theory, infant behaviour associated with attachment is primarily the seeking of proximity to an attachment figure, moreover, secure base and safe haven are the features and function of attachment relationships. Infants become attached to adults who are sensitive and responsive in social interactions with them. Many experts agree that the mother-child attachment bond is the term for our first interactive love relationship-the one we had with our primary caregivers, our mothers. The mother-child attachment bond shapes infants brains, profoundly influencing their self-esteem, their expectations of others, and their ability to attract and maintain successful relationships . Nowadays studies also support that during the early development, the infant-mother interaction and the early social experiences may produce long-lasting changes in the brain of the infant with profound behavioral and emotional effects throughout the whole life . The infant behaviors that have been implicated as resulting from this theoretically compromised mother infant relationship have included slight, transient effects on sociability and affective sharing to results suggesting significant increases in irritability, cognitive delays, behavioral problems, and difficulties with attachment among others . Overall, following attachment theory, the early connection developed between a primary child care provider and an infant is essential for development. Lacking of experience make it difficult for them to handle the issue about this new member and family transition, especially for the first-time parenthood. The success or failure of the attachment bond has a life-long effect in a persons life. Maternal employment and infant attachment Whether and how about the mothers working status affect the infant was a topic of great interest in the 1980s. In the context of mothers increased participation in paid work, attention has also turned to the impact of maternal employment and the use of nonmaternal child care as additional factors likely to affect maternal caregiving and the developing attachment relationship. Many scientists, politicians, and parents were worried about the children, especially infant, would suffer if others but not the moter cared for them most of the time , others argued that such worries were based on oppressive sexist prejudices not data . So debates started, positive or negative influence on the attachment of mother and infant, whether working mothers is taking the responsibility of the infant or not. Why do mothers go to work Why mothers go to work; in Hong Kong society, women go to work for more personal and social reasons than for financial reasons. In traditional society, mothers are performing stereotyped roles as be responsible for the household, such as doing housework, preparing dinner, caring of the children and husband. Now in modern society, women are no longer restricted by the traditional mother and wife role. For the economical reason, they want to make more benefits to the family and gain more independence in economic position. For the education standard, women who achieved high educational qualification, want to apply their knowledge to the work and pursue a successful career, and they are needed by the society. For the changing social norms, women are achieving more equalities in work, morevoer, they are not acted as bad moms when they go to work and pay less attention on the children. The whole society tend to accept working mothers. Though several reasons and conditions mentioned above seem to allow mothers to join the workforce, still many of them face with a dilemma regarding their career and family . Still so many mother feel struggling in the situation of whether to work or not. Negative aspect of working mothers According to the above attachment theories, it is easy to acknowledget the harm that would do to the infant lack of attachment. It is to say that negative influences on the development of secure attachment, or even potentially damaging . Fail to provide the child with sufficient structure, recognition, understanding, safety, and mutual accord may lead to become physically and emotionally distant in relationships in later relationship, remain insecure, become disorganized, aggressive and angry, and develop slowly. . A working mother is tend to create an insecure and inconsistent attachment. Stifter, Coulehan, and Fish , found no significant connections between work status and attachment security, but did caught the public attention of the consideration and inclusion of other variables such as maternal separation anxiety and maternal sensitivity. Specially the research did find that infants of mothers who were employed but reported high work-related separation anxiety were more likely to develop anxious-avoidant attachments. And then, a finding suggested that employed mother were less invested in parenthood and had high level of anxiety , implied high anxiety would get in the way of taking good care of the infant. A baby is supposed to grow up to be loving, well adjusted individual. A full-time employed mother would have missed out on being there and watching the baby from up close. These are important formative period, as a mothers instinct, want to be around to strengthen the attachment bond between mother and infant. The effects of maternal employment of secure mother-infant attachment relationship to be negative of majority according to those researches. These evidences support the hypothesis that working mothers increase the risk of some undesirable outcomes, espacilly in the babys first year. Positive aspect of working mothers Do maternal employment have an adverse effect on the children? The answer may be no. In fact, mothers with careers have a positive impact on children, as they serve as good role models. A study in Australia found no relation between maternal employment and infant attachment. In the early study, Bowlby insisted that separation from the mother should be kept to a minimum . However, in the further study, he developed his statement as a subsidiary attachment figure can meet an infants needs adequately in the primary figures absence . In another words, mother was not the only attachment bond to the baby and this finding gave the mother an opportunity to take a breath during the overwhelming duties. She did not need to take the only responsibility to the feedback towards the infant. Later, some scholars emphasized quality but not quantity of the attachment. Too much and too sensative responds to the baby may triggered a spoiling parental style. Prior to an infants self-regulation of external stimuli, parents are responsible . Parents have to learn the difference between too much and too little responds for managing the infant inattentiveness and excessive stimulation. Providing the appropriate amount of feedback for the baby is conducting a healthy attachment bond. I was impressed by a professorss saying that many parents feel very selfish and cruel in leaving their crying young child for the absence time. However, it is not only a beneficial opportunity for her parents, it is also an important lesson in trust for her that you will always be clear about when you are leaving, you will always provide a caring protector while you are gone, and, best of all, you always return to love and protect her . Parents should be comforted that, properly leaving but not always stick to the baby is also buliding a trustful relationship. For the further concern of the baby, Such working mothers tend to emphasise education, and also manage to spend quality time with their children. Talking about the dual income, the standard of living is higher, children get access to better quality education and extra-curricular activities. Acadamic statistic demonstrated this fact: secure parental employment lowers the incidence of poverty and the associated risks to children . The increase in the percentage of children living with a working parent is welcome news, said Duane Alexander, M.D., Director of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of the National Institutes of Health. Secure parental employment helps to reduce the psychological toll on families, brought on by parental unemployment and underemployment.Secure parental employment may also enhance childrens psychological well-being and improve family functioning by reducing stress and other negative effects that unemployment and underemployment can have on parents. Conclusion As we can see, there are pros and cons about maternal employmet. So we still have to deal with this dilemma and make our own decision. I think there are no right or wrong answers in this case. Whether you want to get back to work from the day you stop nursing your child, or whether you want to be a homemaker your entire life is entirely up to you. Some women find joy in the workplace, while others find it at home. In some conditions, women can handle both children and work well though it is a hard task. Maybe having one does not require sacrificing the other.